Comparing Stanley Kowalski in Williams A Streetcar and Iago of Shakespeares Othello :: comparison compare contrast essays

Iago and Stanley of Othello and A Street Car Named Desire In these two pieces of literature, both Iago and Stanley plan a tragic scheme to draw the main characters, Othello and Blanche to their "downfall". Iago is absolutely inhuman being while Stanley showed his little conscience. They are both the master and are brilliant. Nevertheless Iago seem to be much smarter than Stanley in comparison. Iago and Stanley plan a tragic scheme to draw Othello and Blanche to their downfall because Othello promotes Cassio to lieutenancy, a position that he wants and it causes him to plan a tragic plan. Othello has supposed affair to Emilia who is Iago's wife. Thus, Iago constructs a plan to revenge. Stanley hates Blanche because she destroys the good relationship between him and his wife, Stella. He thinks that she has sold the Belle Reve which he thinks it's a part of partly him, but she does not give him any money. The most important one, he "assumes" that Blanche describes him as "common" and bestial. Thus, he plots a plan to revenge. In all, both Iago and Stanley start tragic plan their hatred. Iago is absolutely inhuman while Stanley has little consciences in his heart. In order to achieve the target, Iago does everything that will benefit himself even killing others. He kills Roderigo who helps him a lot in his plan. He persuades Othello to kill his Desdemona. Furthermore he kills his wife at the end. Stanley has not yet totally lost his humanity. Although he has raped Blanche, he does not kill her or other people. Moreover, at the end of the play he settles her into an asylum, but he does not just forsakes her. This reveals that someone will look after her in the future, and she will not be living alone. In short, Stanley still has little emotions of love in her heart, but Iago is absolutely inhuman, these two villains have a different level at different period. As the villains in their plays, Iago and Stanley are both brilliant, but Iago's tragic plan is almost perfect. He is able to use other character's "flaw" in his well-constructed plan. The smartest thing he does is that able to hide his identify from others. He appears to be "noble" to others, but in fact, he is evil "under worth". Thus, he can gain other character’s trust.

India Luxury Market Essay

Market Trend There was a slow-down in the growth in sales of premium and luxury watches in India in 2008-’09. It prompted the market leader Titan industries to enter the economy market. Following the footsteps, luxury watch brands like Tag Heuer and Rolex introduced low-price models. But in recent years, mobile phones may also have dampened growth in the penetration of watches in India, as they provide a time read-out as well as alarm and other time-related functions. Watch industry experts believe that their product’s original function is increasingly losing importance, and that wristwatches are now being bought as fashion accessories. Owning more than one watch is like owning different pieces of jewellery. Competitive landscape The economy watch demand is being met for the most part by the unorganised sector and by direct imports. The premium segment is increasingly being peppered by fashion brands such as Esprit, Swatch, Fossil and Tommy Hilfiger. There has also been strong value growth for these brands, with growing demand from middle- and upper-income groups in urban India. Titan, HMT and Maxima are the leading Indian players and Timex, Casio and Swatch are now the strong multinational players in the market. More multinationals are entering the retail market, but no new domestic companies have done so, and the multinationals’ share of value sales has increased over the review period. Premium Brand & Product Perception With the watches market in India now becoming fashion and style driven, especially at the premium end, companies now launch models and designs every six months. International brands such as Fossil launch spring/summer and winter ranges. Titan, on the other hand, times its launches to fit in with the Indian festive season – Deepavali and weddings. Companies like Casio and Swatch and luxury brands like Rolex are exploring a niche market for chronographs, but this is currently negligible. Companies also need to respond to product innovations. The Citizen eco-friendly watch has been well received in India and is reportedly selling well in its price bracket, eliminating the trouble of replacing batteries and encouraging the use of multiple watches. Apparel brands such as Esprit, Tommy Hilfiger, Benetton and Levi’s have all gained familiarity among India’s urban youth, who may become more willing to try these brands’ premium watches. Affluent, urban Indians may feel more comfortable about buying premium watches, while continuing to regard luxury watches as examples of overindulgent or insensitive spending. ‘New’ Rich India : The ‘New’ rich India is now indulging into the experience of owning Luxury Brands. India’s rapidly growing high-end retail market is expected to increase from the around $3. 5 billion in 2008 to $30 billion by 2015. Luxury clothing, fragrances, premium wine, high-end watches have achieved good penetration among male Indian consumers. Among women, jewellery and cosmetics can already boast high levels of awareness, followed by categories such as handbags and mobile phones. These items, while not necessarily being better (in quality, performance, or appearance) than their less expensive substitutes, are purchased with the main purpose of displaying wealth or income or status symbol of their owners. There is a distinct shift from ‘Old luxury’ to ‘New luxury’. Old luxury is defined by the attributes, qualities and features of the product, whilst ‘New luxury’ is defined by the consumer’s point of focus on the experience that their purchase stimulates and not in ownership or possession of the product itself. † The customers Redefined luxury as they believe it to be a sign of self worth – â€Å"They are worth it;† it authenticates the buyer’s success and status; it is a signal to others that the owner is a member of an exclusive group; They require flawless performance in this application, the cost of product malfunction is too high to buy anything but the best. Motivation of Study: The matter of wearing and enjoying fine timepieces is a passion that these days must be justified. We like nice expensive watches even though cheap watches exist to do the same thing. Hence like any other luxury good , today modern shoppers buy luxury goods to reward themselves, to satisfy psychological needs or to make themselves feel good to show off their personality or to boost their self-esteem. Contribution of the research: This study aims to understand the above said consumer buying behaviour which will help the present marketing Managers to better reposition their branding and advertising strategy to capture the correct target market for luxury products to boost the sales in times where economy are at a challenge. Literature Review: Research Objective: This study intends to find out if consumer buying behaviour of young purchasers are influenced by factors such as premium price of luxury watches, perceived quality of luxury watches, societal status and brand loyalty associated with the consumption of luxury brand. This study also intends to evaluate whether perceived qualities of the luxury branded watch have influence on the buying decision of consumer. It is also intended to determine whether the high quality standards of luxury watches are the reasoning consumers opt for the luxury watches. Affiliations of social status of acquiring certain luxury branded goods will also be studied to understand whether consumer buying luxury branded goods just for the matter of being affiliate with certain quarters of people having the same luxury brand of goods. This study also will also evaluate whether brand loyalty of luxury brand will influence the buying decision of consumer. This study also aims to uncover whether a person who has been abroad is a reason for the consumer purchasing a luxury watch Research Question: The purpose of this study is to evaluate what motivational factors encourage consumers into purchasing luxury brand watches . In evaluating this statement , this study aims to answer the following questions : †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Is it the price or the type of users of the brand that drives the buying behaviour of the consumer for luxury branded goods? Is it the strong emotion of discriminating themselves with the lower class consumers that drives higher class consumers to turn to luxury brands? Is it the tag name of a mega brand that drives the long term demand for that luxury brand? Is gender a deterministic factor in deciding the purchase of a luxury brand? If yes then what factors are important gender wise ? Is it the product utility or the brand perception that is key for luxury watch brands? Will a person’s visit abroad influence his decision to purchase a luxury watch? Previous Research contribution : Findings of overall previous research indicate that individual’s preferences plays a key role in purchasing luxury goods. Individual’s preferences may be based on desire and non-desires, which are based on experience in purchasing luxury items from their satisfaction, or nondesire such as bias towards brand products. Leibenstein (1950, p. 188) classified demand of goods and services consumption in relevant to motivation into two main aspects: functional and non-functional. Functional demand is â€Å"demand for a commodity which is due to the qualities inherent in the commodity itself†. On the contrary, demand of goods consumption that comes from other factors, which is not the product quality, is defined non-functional demand. The outcome from Leibenstein’s (1950) study especially stresses the role of interpersonal effects towards luxury brands consumption, and derived three main effects; Veblen, Snob, and Bandwagon INTERPERSONAL EFFECTS Perceived Conspicuous Value Perceived unique Value Perceived Social Value Ostentation Non-Conformity Conformity VEBLENIAN SNOB BANDWAGON Interpersonal effects (Vigenron & Johnson) (1999 p. 7) Veblen Effect: The Veblen effect can be explained through conspicuous consumption in which people feel that it is necessary to purchase luxury products because they have a high price tag (Leibenstein, 1950). Conspicuous consumption is use by people to show wealth, power and status (Veblen, 1899). Prices of product have a significant aspect in consumers’ opinion of quality (Vigneron & Johnson, 1999). Studies by Erickson & Johansson (1995) have shown that price is used to judge quality of luxury products between a range of brands. Usually people would associate high prices with better quality. Additionally, those who do associate high prices with better quality would also suggest that high prices show a considerable amount of prestige (Lichtenstein et al. , 1993). Snob Effect: The snob effect takes into account personal and emotional desires (personal effects), and the influence of other people’s behaviour (interpersonal effects) towards the purchasing of luxury brand products (see Figure 1). The snob effect can be further explained through two circumstances. Firstly, the launch on new products which creates exclusivity in which the snob would purchase the product immediately because a minor amount of consumers at that particular time would have acquired it. Snob consumers only purchase â€Å"limited items that have a high value, whereas those readily available are less desirable. Rare items demand respect and prestige† (Solomon, 1994,p. 570). Products that are viewed as unique, popular, and expensive causes a higher demand for consumers (Verhallen & Robben, 1994), especially snob consumers. Snyder and Fromkin (1977) support the statement by Verhallen and Robben (1994) suggesting that people have the desire to be unique. India:The Affluent Masses: Luxury volumes have been spurred by a significant growth in the rich in recent past. The new rich come in varied shapes, sizes and style quotients. Exporters, multinational bankers, college kids earning plum salaries at call centers or BPO operations, well-heeled corporate wives, and successful entrepreneurs. What they have in common is that they have very high purchasing power Bandwagon Effect : The bandwagon effect represents consumers who purchase luxury products because they wish to fit in with a particular group. For example, people would consume products that are fashionable and stylish to associate themselves to similar people (Berry, 1994). Dubois & Duquesne (1993) explains that the snob and bandwagon effect are not alike. Although the similarity between the bandwagon and the snob effect is that people wish to enhance their self-concepts, the differentiation is that they purchase luxury items for different reasons. Bandwagon consumers purchase items to be fit in with others, whereas snob consumers purchase items to be unique and stand out. Individuals who fit in with groups that purchase luxury brand products and/ or wish to differentiate themselves from people who do not purchase luxury brands are influenced by the bandwagon effect (Vigneron & Johnson,1999) Luxury is reward :First time/New Purchasers :They use luxury goods as a status symbol to say â€Å"I’ve made it! †. They are motivated by their desire to be successful and demonstrate this to others. Luxury brands that have widespread recognition are popular; however they don’t wish to appear lavish or hedonistic in their appearance. They want to purchase â€Å"smart† luxury that exhibit importance while not leaving them open to criticism. Personal Effects : Consuming luxury products can also be from personal desires and taste. PERSONAL EFFECTS Perceived Emotional Value Perceived Quality Value Self-Actualization Reassurance HEDONIST PERFECTIONIST Personal effects (Vigenron & Johnson) (1999 p. 8) Hedonic Effect The hedonic effect occurs when consumers purchase luxury products and value the item. People who purchase items for self-fulfillment (e. g.inner direct consumers, Riesman, et al. , 1950, or role relaxed consumers, Kahle, 1995), and those who are not affected by interpersonal influences (e. g. conforming to group norms,Bearden, et al. , 1989) represent the hedonic effect. Dichter (1960) explains that motivation of noncognitive and unconscious is able to persuade consumer preference of products. Products that are consumed are known to have an emotional value that is added to their character (Vigneron & Johnson, 1999). When consumers purchase luxury products they expect that the item will offer benefits such as exclusiveness. Dubois & Laurent, (1994) stated that if products create an emotional value for consumers, it represents that the product is beneficial and holds an important characteristic. Perfectionist Effect The perfectionist effect exists when consumers purchase luxury items and expects superior products and performance as well as quality (Vigneron & Johnson,1999). People who represent the perfectionist effect are those who are associated to personal values and judge a product according to their value of a luxury band product. An example of the perfectionist effect is when consumers are purchasing a luxury watch they expect it to be accurate. According to Groth and McDaniel, (1993, p. 10) stated that â€Å"high prices may even make certain products or service more desirable†, because people view products with high prices with great quality (Rao & Monroe, 1989). Additionally, consumers may assess the level of how luxury a product is by its quality (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999). Methodology Research Method: Quantitative data consists of closed end information that includes numerical figures. The study has collected quantitative data by applying closed-end questions towards a questionnaire. Focus Group Discussion to understand attributes both physical and emotional that influence the purchase of a luxury watch. The group comprised of 7 individuals , 3 female and 4 male participants who have been users of luxury watches. Data Collection: Primary Data collection: Gathering information from consumers of luxury watches through online questionnaire survey Secondary Data Collection: Research insights and hypothesis design with the help of previously published research work on luxury goods buying behaviour. Sampling: Non-probability sampling method is adopted. Since the target audience or respondents of interest are consumers of premium or luxury watches, the sampling method adopted here is convenience sampling and snow-ball sampling. Measurement & Scaling: Measurement Techniques used ? Perception map : ? Utility of features in the watch : Chronograph, Double dial, Indicator light etc. ? Stylish Designs that make the watch a fashion statement Respondents were asked to rate the 10 different brands in order to obtain their perception of these brands on the above defined dimensions Based on two predefined dimensions i. e ? ? ? Exploratory Factor Analysis : To understand the underlying factors influencing the purchase behaviour of luxury watch for men & women and overall Regression: To understand which interpersonal & personal effect is critical when consumers make a luxury watch purchase decision Discriminant Analysis: To understand the group behaviours based on the following discriminating variable ? Gender ? Trip abroad ? Work Experience:Purchasing power ? AMOS : Confirmatory Factor analysis to ascertain the Exploratory Factor Analysis RESULT AND ANALYSIS 1. Discriminant Analysis: Work-Ex & Fresher Inference: Wilk’s lambda (0.627) is more than 0. 4 which is not significant; Box M test is also insignificant However based on analysis top 5 attributes discriminating work ex & fresher are Attributes Q5_7_attribute_analog Q5_2_attribute_alarm Q5_12_attribute_torch Q5_9__attribute_calculator Q4_8_attribute_celebrity_endorsement Variable weight of discriminating function -. 366 . 361 . 331 . 271 . 262 2. Discriminant Analysis: Gender Inference: Wilk’s lambda (0. 578) is more than 0. 4 which is not significant; based on analysis top 5 attributes discriminating males & females Attributes Variable weight of discriminating function. Q4_3_attrifashion_statement Q5_3_attribute_dualclock Q5_13_attribute_barometer Q5_8_attribute_motionsensor Q9_2_buy_in_store .329 -. 285 -. 269 -. 259 -. 255 3. Discriminant Analysis: Abroad Visit Inference: Wilk’s lambda (0. 573) is more than 0. 4 which is not significant; however based on analysis top 5 attributes discriminating foreign visited and not visited people Attributes Q5_9__attribute_calculator Q5_6_attribute_color Q5_16_attribute_warranty Q5_11_attribute_straptype Q4_9_attribute_brand_image Variable weight of discriminating function . 228 . 225 . 221 -. 207 -. 205 3) Exploratory Factor Analysis-(Male & Female) Research Question:- Is gender a deterministic factor in deciding the purchase of the luxury watch. If yes what factors are important gender wise? Hypothesis:- Women while making luxury goods purchase give more importance to emotional factors whereas Men go for Physical Utility features Factor analysis for male respndents(58 males) Results:? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Fac1(Ostentation): o o o o o o o o ? ? ? ? ? ? Sth to remmeber, hand gesture, to be unique Fac2(value added feature) Calculator,digital,compass. Fac3(Generic requirements) Shape, water resistance Fac4(Economic requirements) Discounts Fac 5(Tech savvy) Compass, Motion sensor Fac 6(basic) Analog,water resistance Fac 7(Wrist suitability) Strap type Fac 8(extra feautres):Date and day display, brand image Exploratory factor analysis female Respondents (23 females):Fac1(Economical): o o o o o o Warranty, after sales, analog, emotional satisfaction Fac2(Style) Social status, to be unique, fashion statement Fac3(Special requirements) Alarm,altimeter, digital,dual clock Fac4(value added feature) Calculator,compass,barometer, torch. Fac 5(Tech savvy) Hand gesture,discount Fac 6(Exclusivity) Motion sensor,alarm,brand image Result Analysis:? Men:o Attach importance to Ostentaion, value added feaures and style(veblenian effect and perfectionist effect are dominating) ? Women:o Style, Economic attributes an generic requirements ( Hedonist and snob effects dominate 4. Checking the Interpersonal and personal effects shown by males and female while purchase of luxury watch in Store Research Question:o Is it the price or the type of users of the brand that drives the buying behaviour of the consumer for luxury branded goods? o Is it the strong emotion of discriminating themselves with the lower class consumers that drives higher class consumers to turn to luxury brands? o Is it the product utility or the brand perception that is key for luxury watch brands? Hypothesis:-Luxury watch purchase is primarily to show off and as an indicator of status symbol: veneblian effect. Users also buy luxury watches due to perceived emotional value or for hedonist reasons Veneblian Effect:- Snob Effect Bandwagon Effect Hedonistic effect Type of effect Veneblian snob Bandwagon Hedonistic Coefficient 0. 517 0. 499 0. 274 0. 305. Inference:- As we can clearly observe from the above table that the veneblian effect is very prominent in all cases of interpersonal or personal effects. That means People tend to buy Luxury watches to show off of their Public and Social Status. Snob and Bandwagon effect follows Veneblian effect. 5. Regression Analysis to check whether long term demand for luxury watches is driven by brand image Research Question : Is it the brand image that drives the long term demand for that luxury brand? Hypothesis : Brand Image for lucury brands is responsible for the long term demand of these watches. Inference : Regression is insignificant with respect to the variables that drive brand image. Even the R^square value is 0. 071. Hence we can infer that brand image is not a good factor to explain the long term demand for luxury watches. 6. AMOS The default model is created based on exploratory factor analysis and taking research literature into account. Model Fit Summary Check: Cmin/DF 2-5 OK GFI > 0. 9 Not OK PGFI>0. 5 OK NFI,TLI,CFI>0. 9 Not OK RMSEA max 0. 1 Not OK Model is comparatively fit as such But Goodness of fit index is not holding well. Validity & Construct Reliability S No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Attributes Q4_1_attribute_social_status Q4_3_attribute_fashion_statement Q4_2_attribute_to_be_unique Q4_6_attribute_emotional_satisfaction Q4_9_attribute_brand_image Q5_9__attribute_calculator Q5_10_attribute_compass Q5_12_attribute_torch Q5_13_attribute_barometer Q5_3_attribute_dualclock Q5_4_attribute_altimeter Q5_2_attribute_alarm Q5_5_attribute_digital Q5_7_attribute_analog Q5_8_attribute_motionsensor Q5_16_attribute_warranty Q4_10_attribute_secon_time_brandpurchase Q4_4_attribute_premiumwatch_collection Q4_8_attribute_celebrity_endorsements. Constructs Error e1 e2 Delta 1. 028 1. 079 0. 608 0. 635 1. 282 1. 323 1. 687 1. 473 1. 793 1. 816 1. 032 2. 133 1. 407 1. 074 2. 078 0. 179 1. 402 1. 367 2. 019 Lambda 1 0. 67 0. 922 0. 884 0. 997 1 0. 912 0. 971 0. 774 1 1. 135 1. 005 1. 258 1 0. 876 0. 84 0. 403 1. 231 1 AVE CR Exclusivity e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 0. 81 0. 81 Tech_Savvy e8 e9 e14 0. 84 0. 68 Value_Added _Feature e15 e16 e17 e21 1. 22 0. 75 Reliability e22 e23 e26 0. 82 0. 69 Brand_Perce ption.

Incarceration Of The United States - 908 Words

When the term corrections is mentioned, the thought of incarceration is the first to come to mind. This is the case for as of the end of 2013, there were 1,574,700 people serving time in state and federal penitentiaries (Carson, 2014, p.1). This alarming number gives reason for the need of alternatives to incarceration. Avoiding imprisonment does not translate to a lenient punitive sentence for the alternatives can just as easily repair harms to the victims, provide benefits to the community, treat the drug addicted, and rehabilitate offenders (FAMM, 2013, p.1). The use of programs that offer an alternative to incarceration can reduce the amount of people in the prison system that is living on taxpayers’ dollars. The enlistment in the military is a viable option as an alternative to incarceration. The goal of rehabilitation is a change in the behavior of the convict and the enlistment of said individual offers just that in more ways than one. The sociology theory of the life c ourse roughly translates to that over a course of life, one abandons its old ways of life in order to adopt to a new way of life or a social structure (Shepard, 2013, p.95). In total institutions, where one is completely removed from society such as military boot camps or prisons, the individual’s self-concept begins to facture by the replacement of their personal identities with concepts of shared identities such as wearing uniforms or the use of serial numbers instead of names. Once the self-conceptShow MoreRelatedThe Incarceration Of The United States1519 Words   |  7 Pagesin recent decades, violent crimes in the United States of America have been on a steady decline, however, the number of people in the United States under some form of correctional control is reaching towering heights and reaching record proportions. 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Bathroom Rights For Transgender Individuals - 1289 Words

Bathroom Rights for Transgender Individuals Josephine Do HDE 110 February 2, 2017 Bathroom Rights for Transgender Individuals Transgender rights and policies have always been an ongoing debate. In the article, â€Å"Bathroom Battlegrounds and Penis Panics,† Schilt and Westbrook (2015) argued that in order to push gender equality forward, we must consider the rights of transgender people by allowing them to have access to bathrooms that support their gender identity rather than their biological sex. In doing so, authors believed that it would make progress in alleviating discrimination against transgender people. However, in this conscious effort to fight for transgender rights and their access to sex-segregated spaces,†¦show more content†¦Not only did the authors believe that opponents are using these claims to support their arguments, they also believed that it placed stereotypes on men or an imagined male, to be threats and women to be weak and in need of protection. Schilt and Westbrook argued that opponents did not take into account that trans gender individuals report facing an immense amount of discrimination and are in need of protection as well. They also argued that their opponent’s claims â€Å"generate fear and misunderstanding around transgender people along with the suggestion that transgender people are less deserving of protection than cisgender women and children (Bathroom Battlegrounds and Penis Panics, para. 6).† Although they mentioned that they were not suggesting that sexual assault is not a serious issue, they argued that public restrooms rarely have such assaults. In addition, they argued that based on empirical data, transgender people in the Unites States are much more likely to face violence rather than creating it. They also emphasized that their opponents were not able to site these claims of an actual case of bathroom sexual assault, rather that it was just from their deep-rooted cultural fears. 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Why Should America Undertake The Unrewarding Task Of...

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Entrepreneruship is Merely a Special Case of Leadership

Question: Discuss about theEntrepreneruship is Merely a Special Case of Leadership. Answer: Introduction The entrepreneurial leader has been referred to as a powerful aspect of todays growing society. These leaders are responsible to drive change in business and society. An entrepreneurial leader is often viewed as a charismatic individual with long term visions influential powers so as to introduce change within the society (Vecchio, 2003). The importance of entrepreneurship can be seen with respect to job creation innovation in creating a new venture as well as playing a major role to cope with never ending pace of the society. According to Drucker, entrepreneurship has been referred to as term which either depicts to small businesses or new ventures. In order to consider the relationship between leadership and entrepreneurship, one must take into consideration the definition of entrepreneurship from various perspectives. Once upon a time, entrepreneurial leaders have been referred to as heroic innovators who have the eye of spotting the opportunities. In 70s the term entrepreneursh ip was referred to as risk takers (Strubler Redekopp 2010). In 80s the term evolved to venture capitalists. In 90s the term was aligned with innovation. In the last decade, the real importance of entrepreneurship has come into place. In todays society, entrepreneurship has been viewed from different perspectives. Some take it as a synonym to creativity and some to innovation. Some look into their personal traits, optimistic overview and drive to do something new in the ever growing society. Entrepreneur refers to a term which is derived from a French word i.e. enterprendre i.e. to undertake. A person who undertakes risk in creating a new enterprise is known as an entrepreneur. The process of creating the new enterprise is known as entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship has been referred to as the process of creating new enterprisesas well as exploitation of newer opportunities in the business environment (Sine David, 2010). Some of the characteristics of an entrepreneur have been characterized by the following features which are discussed in the coming paragraph. The first characteristic of an entrepreneur is its economic and dynamic activity. Entrepreneurship has been referred to as an economic activity as it involves the creation of a new business keeping in mind the wealth or financials associated with the same. Secondly, entrepreneurship has been related to business innovation i.e. to research new business ideas. Entrepreneurship provides an individual to continuously evaluate the mode of business operations along with efficient and effective systems which can be evolved or adopted. In other words, entrepreneurship has been referred to as the process of optimising the resources in a well - defined manner (Sheppardson Gibson, 2011). Third characteristic of an entrepreneur is its risk bearing capacity. Entrepreneurs have been known as risk takers. They assume risks while creation as well as implementation of new business ideas. It shall be seen that, the new business ideas are not always profitable at the first go. An entrepreneur would be required to have patience in order to seek positive results in the long run. It shall be taken into consideration that, an entrepreneur shall be able to take risks or else it will never succeed in the long run (Ripoll, Rodriquez, Barassa Antino, 2010). Lastly, profit potential also displays the success of an entrepreneur. Profit potential is referred to as the level of return which would be reaped in a business venture in a long run. Entrepreneurial has been referred to as a process or journey of creation of a new business venture. Some of the successful entrepreneurs are Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, Steve Jobs, Gordon Moore, Jamshedji Tata Warren Buffet. There is an entrepreneurial process which is followed by all the entrepreneurs in order to create a new business venture. The entire process is divided into three parts i.e. entrepreneurial job, operation promotion. Entrepreneurial job is further divided into two parts i.e. preparation of the feasibility report generation of the new idea for business proposal (Chand, 2016). In order to generate a business idea, the entrepreneurial process will take three more steps i.e. germination, preparation incubation. Germination refers to the first step in the entrepreneurial process. It is more or less like planting seeds in order to have a grown up plant in the near future. It shall be seen that, creative ideas shall be linked according to the taste of individuals interest or specific problem or level of curiosity. The second step in the entrepreneurial process refers to preparation. In this step the idea which is germinated in the previous step is moulded based upon ones interest, levels of curiosity and start to search for various problems which might occur in the years to come. The last stage refers to incubation. In this step, the entrepreneurial process enters a subconscious intellectualization (Ripoll, Rodriquez, Barassa Antino, 2010). The unrelated ideas are joined together in order to find a perfect resolution. The second step in the entrepreneurial process refers to the feasibility study i.e. to see whether the business venture or idea is feasible or not. This means that, only a realistic business model shall be taken into consideration as idea alone does not have any meaning. The second step in the feasibility study refers to verification. This means that, to verify whether the business model is useful realis tic (Mukul, 2014). It shall be implemented that, the business model is useful to the society or not. Some of the benefits of entrepreneurship have been discussed in the following paragraph. One of the biggest significance of entrepreneur is the fact that, it helps to identify as well as develop the managerial capabilities. An entrepreneur is one who takes into consideration the feasibility along with the risks associated with the same. This also helps in sharpening the decision making skills of the entrepreneurs (Kempster Cope, 2010). Entrepreneurship also helps in creating organization which helps them to achieve the objectives in the best possible manner. Improving the standard of living is also one of the major advantages which are done by entrepreneurs. This helps to provide wide variety of goods services to mass economy which in turn leads to high standard of living. Possessing luxury cars, expensive mobile phones, growth of malls have helped in improving the standard of livi ng of the people at large (Kaushik Bhatnagar, 2009). It shall be taken into consideration, that entrepreneur deals with these things but so does the leaders and managers. This leads to high level confusion amongst an entrepreneur a leader. The field of entrepreneurial research is mainly concerned with understanding new opportunities, new products services (Karol, 2015). This is seen from different perspectives such as business strategies, management tactics personal traits of leaders who are able to mobilize the resources in the best possible manner. Some of the important functions of an entrepreneur are to provide innovation in terms of use new technology, product along with markets. Innovation involves either new business ideas or old business ideas which are projected in a different manner (James, 2016). An entrepreneur uses its innovative thinking to exploit the opportunities in the market. An entrepreneur has been referred to as a risk taker or risk bearer. He is always prepared to bear any loss which might occur in near future . It shall be seen that, an entrepreneur requires management skills in order to plan, organize, staff direct people. The management skills will help the entrepreneur to bridge the gap between effective business organization as a whole. New innovations which are done by entrepreneurs make changes within the organization. An entrepreneur first makes use of the business idea at his end before making it public for others (Ives, 2011). An entrepreneur has been referred to as a catalyst as it helps in accelerating pace of economic development. Apart from various characteristics and factors which affect entrepreneurship, there are certain myths about entrepreneurship which have been discussed as follows. Entrepreneurs are born leaders, they cannot be made. The thinking process of entrepreneurs is way different from normal leaders or individuals. For an entrepreneur to be successful, a great idea is the only ingredient. Entrepreneurs have been referred to as people who supplies risk capital as risk maker and monitors as well as controls the various organizational activities. The person can either be referred to as decision maker, risk taker the one who decides upon the product of services. Leadership along with entrepreneurship together helps to enhance the effectiveness within the business. It helps to improve the effectiveness and performance of the same (Hisrich, Peters, Shepherd, 2008). This might affect the development and implementation of the business. This also affects the performance of the same. In todays ever growing society, an entrepreneur helps to meet the organizational goal along with the performance of the business. It shall be taken into consideration that, the concept of entrepreneurship was developed in late 70s which lead to the creation of new businesses. Entrepreneurs have led to the creation of the huge advantages high profits. The main of any entrepreneur is to enhance th e level of innovation which also focuses upon high levels of improvements. They also help in witnessing newer ways of doing things in an effective manner. It shall be seen that, today is the world of entrepreneurship which helps to meet the concept of organization level of entrepreneurship (Greenberg, McKone-Sweet Wilson, 2011). Leadership refers to an old concept which came into place in late 70s and meant to create something which is extra ordinary in business aspect. Leadership helps the business to attain high levels of profits in a long run. Its main aim is to drive innovation and focus on huge improvements. This means new ways of performing the tasks will come into place, various permutations and combination shall be used in order to gain high profits. Leadership helps people in the organization to create better ways of doing things and perform newer activities to enhance the profit level (Giuliani Kurson, 2002). On the contrary, entrepreneurship refers to the term which cre ates option in order to meet the ingredients i.e. economic, social employment growth along with the various opportunities. Entrepreneurship has been referred to as the primary source of job creation, growth in income levels decrease in poverty levels. Therefore, entrepreneurship helps in creating innovation, leadership, satisfaction, dedication flexibility along with self-confidence, passion other factors. Entrepreneurship can be referred to as a spark in order to meet innovation improvement. It also helps in continuous learning as well as thinking about the future in the best possible manner (Day, Fleenor, Atwater, Sturm McKee, 2013). It shall be taken into consideration that, every entrepreneur possesses the quality of strong sense of opportunity. Thus, it will help in the achievement of the financial rewards as well as the capability to meet the total costs goals of the business in the long run. Entrepreneurship also helps to create greater opportunity in person along with various innovation strategies (Day, Fleenor, Atwater, Sturm McKee, 2013). For example, Steve Jobs have been referred to as one of the most influential entrepreneurs of its time. Steve Jobs have applied various innovative strategies in order to attain success as well as achieve high amount of profits. There are various principles of entrepreneurship which are followed so as to have a greater effect of the same. Entrepreneurship has been referred to as one of the most impressive choices in ones career. Its main focus is to look into better decisions which help in managing the business in the long run. Entrepreneurs motivate their employees so as to attain the work goals in an effective and efficient manner. They also help to meet the business goals along with their personal goals. This helps to achieve better vision strategies in order to run the company in an efficient manner. Effective choices shall be maintained by the entrepreneurs so as to choose better personal qualities and skills in order to help the business to expand in the due course of time. It shall be seen that, entrepreneurs can belong to any age group and hence they will bring out the best of the potential in individuals so as to meet the new services. The success entrepreneurs create new ways of differentiation along with innovation in the niche market. Thus, entrepreneurship shall focus on effective communication strategies i.e. to directly communicate with the suppliers, customers distributors. Entrepreneurship also attracts a potential customer which helps to concentrates on the business effectively. Entrepreneurship focuses mainly on innovation, gr owth as well as various strategies to look into the newer opportunities. But, at the same time they would be responsible to protect the intellectual property invest in new products. Hence, leadership takes into consideration the high ability of individual in order to realize the vision of the organization in the long run. It shall be kept in mind that, leaders have various common characteristics in business front which provides the entrepreneurs with the ability to get financial benefits with this type of an approach. Leaders have standardised visionaries which might help the individuals to create a great sense of opportunities increase the chances of success. Entrepreneurial leaders are the one who understand themselves in better terms amongst market dynamics. Entrepreneurs have been referred to as world of business and its main focus is to drive the factors of development. They are mainly known as the symbol of business environment in terms of leaders, managers, innovators creators. Therefore, an integrated approach along with integrated concept will help to create high levels of business opportunities. Entrepreneurs start their business with some type of profit motive and look into various options to increase the revenue in the long run (Davey, 2012). They also possess various types of risks in terms of finance, competitors, market revenue. These risks will help to create opportunities to grow in the long run. The main motive of any entrepreneur is not only to be competitive but also be superior amongst its competitors and provide world class options for the same. Entrepreneurs have been referred to as risk takers who are highly aware regarding the risks and issues which might occur within the business. They also try to reduce the same by using the best possible ways and maintain the profits earned by any business. Entrepreneurs also provide high quality products or services to its customers so as to generate high profits loyalty amongst the same. They are very responsive in nature which helps them the customers to get quick easy response to any of their queries. Hence, exceptional services are provided to the customers and remain competitive in the growing business environment. One of the major core competencies of entrepreneurs is presence over the internet which in turn refers to as the major strength for the same thereby leading to an increase in the profits earned by the business (Davey, 2012). Planning has been referred to as one of the vital element in any business. Careful planning in business plays an important role in the life of e ntrepreneurs. The entrepreneurial activity plays a vital role in the proper planning of the entire business. It will help the businesses to achieve high efficiency as well as great focus in the market. Apart from proper planning, smart strategic skills are also required by entrepreneurs to benefit the business experience start a new business. Hence, this is will help to differentiate provide its customers with the best possible services or products. There are various factors which affects the entrepreneurship at large. Entrepreneurship process has been referred to as one of the complex processes which are affected by variety of factors. Some of them have been discussed as under. Firstly, personal factors play an important role in affecting the entrepreneurship (Ensley, Hmieleski, Pearce, 2007). Some of the core competencies of entrepreneurship are problem solver, risk taker, proactive, perseverance, and persuasion, self -confidence, decision maker, well planner self - critical. The second factor which affects entrepreneurs is the environmental factors (Davey, 2012). It refers to the conditions in which the entrepreneur is subjected to work. Environmental factors takes into consideration legal, social, economic and political system which might lead to a significant growth of entrepreneurship. Hence, combination of both personal along with environmental factors will affect the entrepreneurship process and provide desired results to the individual. Hence, it can be concluded that leadership and entrepreneurship goes hand in hand and benefits the business in the long run. It shall be taken into consideration that, entrepreneurship leadership helps to change the way of doing a business with high levels of effectiveness and efficiency (Dalati, 2015). In todays business environment, leadership plays a vital role in all positions of business. This will help to improve the overall working of the businesses as well as create a better place for business application. Clear vision and an eagles eye are required to look in to the opportunities in future which help to encourage the entrepreneurial behaviour. The leadership skills required to perform the various business activities in the organization helps in maintaining high levels of flexibility and create better ways of doing things. This will also bring various new opportunities which would not be required without leadership skills. Therefore, it can be concluded that entrepreneurship is merely a special case of leadership. The discussions done in the above paragraphs have deeply defined how entrepreneurship is merely a case of leadership. Leadership entrepreneurship goes hand in hand. Entrepreneurship derives from entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are those people who are either known as innovators or risk takers or control various management activities (Chand, 2016). One of the best examples of an entrepreneur is Steve Jobs, Director of Apple Inc. He has been known for its leadership styles entrepreneurship skills. Leaders use various leadership theories in order to perform a particular task whereas entrepreneurs use these leadership skills to innovate and come up with newer business opportunities. With the discussions done above it can be said that leadership is numerous but entrepreneurship is a special case of leadership. References Chand, S. (2016).Entrepreneurship: Characteristics,Importance, Types, and Functions of Entrepreneurship.YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library. Retrieved 18 December 2016, from https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/entrepreneur/entrepreneurship-characteristicsimportance-types-and-functions-of-entrepreneurship/5228/ Dalati, S. (2015). Leadership and Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Classical Approaches and contemporary contexts. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues,2(4), 209-219. Davey, S. (2012).Is entrepreneurship merely a special case of leadership? - Scott Davey.Scottdavey.net. Retrieved 17 December 2016, from https://scottdavey.net/article/Is-entrepreneurship-merely-a-special-case-of-leadership%3F-140 Day, D.V., Fleenor, J.W., Atwater, L.E., Sturm, R.E., McKee, R.A. (2013). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25 years of research and theory. The Leadership Quarterly. Eyal, O. Kark, R. (2004). How do Transformational Leaders Transform Organizations? A Study of the Relationship between Leadership and Entrepreneurship.Leadership And Policy In Schools,3(3), 211-235. Ensley, M.D., Hmieleski, K.M, Pearce, C.L (2007). The importance of vertical and shared leadership within new venture top management teams: Implications for the performance of startup. The Leadership Quarterl,. 17, 217231. Garci?a Ruiz, J. Toninelli, P. (2010).The determinants of entrepreneurship(1st ed.). London: Pickering Chatto. Giuliani, R. Kurson, K. (2002).Leadership(1st ed.). New York: Hyperion. Goldberg, D. Martin, D. (2008).The entrepreneur's guide to successful leadership(1st ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Greenberg, D., McKone-Sweet, K., Wilson, H. (2011).The new entrepreneurial leader(1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Gupta, V. MacMillan, I.C. Surie, G. (2004). Entrepreneurial leadership: developing and measuring a cross-cultural construct. Journal of Business Venturing, 19. 241260. Hisrich, R., Peters, M., Shepherd, D. (2008).Entrepreneurship(1st ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Ives, A. (2011). Entrepreneurship education as a new model for leadership education.Journal Of Leadership Studies,5(2), 85-88. James, R. (2016).Leadership, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: What leadership capabilities are necessary to support innovation and entrepreneurship?.Richard James Sharp's Blog. Retrieved 17 December 2016, from https://richardjamessharp.wordpress.com/2010/10/28/leadership-innovation-and-entrepreneurship-what-leadership-capabilities-are-necessary-to-support-innovation-and-entrepreneurship-2/ Karol, R. (2015). Leadership in the Context of Corporate Entrepreneurship.Journal Of Leadership Studies,8(4), 30-34. Kaushik, U. Bhatnagar, S. (2009).Entrepreneurship(1st ed.). Jaipur: Aavishkar Publishers. Kempster, S.J. Cope, J. (2010). Learning to lead in the entrepreneurial context. Journal of Entrepreneurial behaviour and Research, 16(6), 5-34. Mukul, K. (2014). Book Review: Quest for Exceptional Leadership: Mirage to Reality.Journal Of Entrepreneurship,23(1), 147-159. R.N. Kanungo,. (2005). Managerial Resourcefulness: Measuring a Critical Component of Leadership Effectiveness.Journal Of Entrepreneurship,14(1), 39-55. Ripoll, M.M., Rodriquez, F.G., Barassa, A. Antino, M. (2010). Leadership in entrepreneurial organizations: Context and motives. Psicothema, 22(4), 880-886. Sheppardson, C. Gibson, H. (2011).Leadership and entrepreneurship in the hospitality industry(1st ed.). Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers. Sine, W. David, R. (2010).Institutions and entrepreneurship(1st ed.). Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Strubler, D.C. Redekopp B.W. (2010). Entrepreneurial Human Resource Leadership: A Conversation with Dwight Carlson. Human Resource Management, 49(4), 793 804. Vecchio, R. P. (2003). Entrepreneurship and leadership: common trends and common threads. Human Resource Management Review, 13, 303327.

The Palace of Minos Essay Example

The Palace of Minos Essay The Minoan city of Knossos on the island of Crete is one of mythological and legendary stature.Up until the early 1900s the Minoan civilization only existed in Greek myths and legends.Sir Arthur Evans, along with an excavation crew, discovered the ruins of the city, and a large structure, which he named the Palace of Minos, after the mythological king Minos of the Minoan civilization. The Palace of Minos is an incredibly large structure measuring 22,000 square meters and over 1500 rooms (though the room count varies from source to source.)The legendary labyrinth was supposed to be located in the center of this structure, but based on actual evidence uncovered by archaeologists no proof has been found.The structure received the label of palace from Sir Arthur Evans, thanks to his Victorian background.Around 1700 BCE the Minoan civilization was reduced to ruin by a massive earthquake which brought this enormous three story structure to the ground.Though the three stories were destroye d, many remnants of them fell into the basement of this structure, which also contained many rooms including what Evans thought to be the royal quarters.Many artifacts have been found at the site where the palace once stood.Some of the most unique of these are frescoes, most were found in pieces on the floor, but were reconstructed by archaeologists.Bronze statuettes, the most famous being that of the Snake Goddess, were found and some were found deliberately broken and buried suggesting a method of killing the cult figures.An actual throne with stone benches on either side in what is now called the Throne Room has also been an interesting find. The Bull Chamber holds the famous Bull Relief Fresco which is a fresco of two young females, a bull, and a young male being thrown, acrobatically, over the bull.The bull was considered a sacred animal to the Minoans as it represented virility and proc